Effective Techniques to Prevent Moles Using Household Items

Introduction

Introduction
Gardening can be a lovely and fulfilling activity, but it can also be frustrating when faced with unwelcomed guests like moles. Moles can cause significant damage to your lawn and garden by digging tunnels, creating mounds, and uprooting your plants. Fortunately, there are household items that can help prevent moles from taking over your yard. In this article, we will discuss various DIY mole prevention techniques using common household items that can help you protect your garden and maintain its beauty.

Why Mole Prevention is Necessary

Moles are pests that can cause significant damage to your garden or lawn. These burrowing creatures feed on insects and earthworms, which can lead to soil erosion, upheaval of plants, and the destruction of root systems. It is essential to take necessary steps to prevent these creatures from invading your yard.

Mole prevention is crucial for the overall health and aesthetics of your garden since these pests can wreak havoc on the beauty and structure of your property. Moles leave behind unsightly dirt mounds and tunnels that not only ruin the landscape but can also create tripping hazards for pets and humans. Moles can also damage the root system of your plants, affecting their growth and survival.

Not only is mole prevention important for the well-being of your garden, but it also helps you to avoid the expense and effort of having to replace damaged plants and restore soil structure. Prevention is a proactive approach that saves you time, money, and effort in the long run.

By employing various mole prevention techniques, you can rest assured that your garden or lawn will be mole-free. The following section of this article will show you various DIY mole prevention techniques that you can use to create barriers and discourage moles from settling in your yard. The techniques outlined in this article use household items, making it a cost-effective and natural way to maintain a mole-free yard.

Why Use Household Items for Mole Prevention

There are numerous chemical and store-bought products available in the market for mole prevention, but resorting to household items has its perks. Using household items for mole prevention is cost-effective and safe for humans, pets, and the environment. Household items such as castor oil, coffee grounds, cayenne pepper, and chili and garlic spray are all natural and can repel the pesky moles. These items can be easily found at home, and if not, can be bought from a nearby store at a minimal cost. An added advantage of using household items for mole prevention is that these do not harm the moles but only acts as a deterrent, encouraging them to move elsewhere. Using household items also provides gardeners with the freedom to choose what to use based on their preference and availability.

Benefits of using household items for mole prevention
Cost-effective
Safe for humans, pets, and the environment
Readily available at home or nearby stores
Does not harm the moles but only acts as a deterrent
Gives gardeners the freedom to choose the preventive measures

Using household items for mole prevention is also convenient and hassle-free. Gardeners do not need to invest in expensive equipment or spend hours on complicated procedures. The techniques are simple, easy to understand, and apply, and do not require any special skills or knowledge. With minimal effort, gardeners can successfully protect their garden from mole infestations and enjoy a healthy and vibrant garden. By using household items, gardeners can have peace of mind that they are using a natural and safe method, as opposed to chemicals that may have adverse effects on the environment, pets, and children.

Using household items for mole prevention is a wise choice that provides various benefits than store-bought chemicals. The gardeners have ample options to choose from and can use the technique that best suits them. In the next section of the article, we will discuss some of the best DIY mole prevention techniques using household items. But before that, let’s take a look at why mole prevention is necessary.

DIY Mole Prevention Techniques

Diy Mole Prevention Techniques
After spotting a molehill in your otherwise pristine garden, it’s time to take action with DIY Mole Prevention Techniques Using Household Items. Moles can cause significant damage to the roots of your plants and vegetables, making it difficult for them to grow and thrive. While there are various commercial mole repellents available in the market, they may contain harmful chemicals that can be dangerous for your family, pets, and the environment. However, by using simple household items, you can get rid of moles in your garden without causing any harm. In this guide, we will explore some effective ways to prevent mole infestations in your garden using items that you may already have at home. By following these techniques and tips, you can keep your garden looking lush and green all year round.

Castor Oil Repellent

Castor oil is a natural mole repellent that works by creating an unpleasant smell that moles find intolerable. The strong smell irritates their sensitive noses and drives them away. This technique is easy to deploy and also serves as a natural fertilizer for your garden. Here are the steps to make and apply a castor oil repellent:

  • Mix Castor Oil with Dish Soap: Mix one-half cup of castor oil with six tablespoons of dish soap in a blender. Add water to make up to one gallon of the solution.
  • Spray the Solution: Once you’ve created the mixture, pour it into a spray bottle and shake it well. Spray the areas where you’ve seen mole activity, and also around the edges of your garden.
  • Reapply the Mixture: Reapply the mixture after heavy rainfall or irrigation, as water can dilute the smell and efficacy of the repellent.

It’s recommended to use castor oil repellent as early as possible in the season, before the moles have created an extensive network of tunnels. It’s also important to use it consistently, repeating the process every two to three weeks for optimal results.

While castor oil repellents are generally safe for pets and humans, it’s worth testing a small amount on a patch of grass before applying it more extensively. Additionally, it’s important to note that castor oil won’t completely eradicate a mole problem, but it can be an effective part of a comprehensive mole prevention strategy.

For additional mole prevention techniques, check out some of our other articles, such as Best Mole Prevention Tips and Companion Planting for Mole Prevention.

Chili and Garlic Spray

One effective DIY mole prevention technique is to create a chili and garlic spray. This spray creates an unpleasant odor that moles cannot tolerate, thus deterring them from entering your garden. The strong scent of garlic and chili overwhelms the moles’ sensitive olfactory system, making them avoid your garden area.

To create this spray, you will need to mix the following ingredients:

Ingredients Amount
Chili powder 2 tablespoons
Fresh garlic 3 cloves
Water 1 quart

First, crush the fresh garlic cloves and then mix all of the ingredients together in a spray bottle. When you are ready to use this spray, shake the bottle well, and spray it directly onto any areas where you have noticed mole activity.

It is important to keep in mind that this spray works as a temporary solution, and you should reapply it after each rainfall or watering. Additionally, this spray should not be applied directly to any plants, as it may harm them.

Using chili and garlic spray can be an efficient solution among other mole prevention techniques. For more effective mole prevention solutions and strategies, check out our related articles on mole behavior and infestations, mole prevention based on soil types, and creating a mole barrier in your garden. Additionally, you might find helpful our articles on preventing mole damage with tips and companion planting for mole prevention.

Cayenne Pepper

One of the most popular natural mole deterrents is cayenne pepper. The smell of this spice is unbearable for moles and it irritates their nasal passages. This is an easy-to-use and cost-effective method that you can try to prevent moles from entering your garden.

Here is a table outlining the steps for using cayenne pepper as a mole repellent:

Materials Steps
Cayenne pepper Sprinkle cayenne pepper generously around the holes and mounds made by moles in your yard.
Water Lightly mist the pepper with water to help it stick to the ground and release its scent.
Repeat this process after each watering or rainfall.

It’s important to remember that regular applications may be necessary as natural elements like rain or irrigation may wash away the cayenne pepper. This is a great environmentally-friendly method to try for those who don’t want to use chemical pesticides.

Although this may not completely eliminate moles from your garden, it will certainly reduce their presence. If you’re looking to create an even stronger barrier to keep moles away, you can try combining this method with other household items, such as mixing cayenne pepper with coffee grounds or using chicken wire in specific areas to create a physical barrier.

If you’re interested in a more high-tech solution for mole prevention, check out our ultrasonic solar spikes article or our article on mole proofing with chicken wire.

Coffee Grounds

Coffee Grounds

Another household item that acts as an effective mole repellent is coffee grounds. Moles are naturally averse to the strong aroma of coffee and will find another place to settle in.

To make use of coffee grounds for mole prevention, here is what you need to do:

  • Step 1: Collect your used coffee grounds after brewing.
  • Step 2: Sprinkle the coffee grounds over areas where moles are active, such as mole hills or tunnels.
  • Step 3: Water the area to help the coffee grounds work their way into the soil.
  • Step 4: Reapply the coffee grounds every week to maintain the strong aroma.

It’s important to note that coffee grounds are only a temporary solution and will need to be reapplied regularly to remain effective. It’s also recommended to use this method in conjunction with other mole prevention techniques for the best results.

Mole Proofing With Chicken Wire

One effective solution for preventing moles from damaging your garden is mole proofing with chicken wire. Here are the steps to follow:

  1. Clean up the area: Before installing the chicken wire, remove any grass or shrubbery, roots and stones to ensure the wire can be buried completely.
  2. Measure the area: Determine the area that needs to be protected and measure it carefully. Make sure to add an extra 12 inches to the width and length to account for any curves or corners in the garden.
  3. Cut the chicken wire: Once you have measured the area, cut the chicken wire to fit. Use wire cutters to trim the wire to the appropriate size and shape.
  4. Bury the wire: Dig a trench around the perimeter of the area to be protected, at least one foot deep. Bury the chicken wire in the trench, ensuring that it is flush with the ground. Then backfill the trench, tamping the soil down firmly to hold the wire in place.
  5. Secure the wire: Once the wire is buried, secure it by attaching it to wooden stakes or using u-shaped pins. This will ensure the wire stays in place and prevent it from being dislodged by moles.

Using chicken wire to prevent moles from entering your garden is a simple and effective solution. It requires some work digging the trench and burying the wire, but it will provide long lasting protection for your garden.

Ultrasonic Solar Spikes

One of the more technologically advanced DIY mole prevention techniques available is the use of Ultrasonic Solar Spikes. These spikes employ high-frequency sound waves that emit an irritating vibration that disrupts the moles’ sensitive auditory systems, causing them to leave the area.

Here is an html table that explains the pros and cons of using Ultrasonic Solar Spikes for mole prevention:

Pros Cons
Does not require chemicals or poisons May not be effective on all types of moles
Safe for pets and children May not work in very damp or wet soil
Requires minimal installation May be more expensive than other DIY methods
Uses solar power for energy efficiency May require additional spikes for larger yards

To use Ultrasonic Solar Spikes for mole prevention, first assess your yard to determine how many spikes will be needed. These spikes typically have a range of up to 9,000 square feet, so you may need multiple spikes for larger yards.

Next, identify areas where moles are active by searching for molehills or shallow tunnels. Insert the Ultrasonic Solar Spikes into the ground at regular intervals in these areas.

It is important to note that Ultrasonic Solar Spikes are not a guaranteed solution for mole prevention and may not work for all types of moles. They may not be effective in very damp or wet soil. It is important to also use other prevention techniques in conjunction with Ultrasonic Solar Spikes for the best results.

Results from Ultrasonic Solar Spikes may vary, but typically the spikes need several weeks or more to be effective. It is important to monitor your yard for any new mole activity and readjust or add additional spikes as needed.

Using Ultrasonic Solar Spikes can be an effective and environmentally-friendly way to prevent moles from damaging your lawn or garden.

Using Vibrating Devices

Vibrating devices are another effective way to prevent moles from digging up your lawn. These devices are specially designed to create vibrations that will disturb the moles’ ability to tunnel and create permanent holes. Here are a few steps to use vibrating devices for mole prevention:

  • Step 1: Choose a vibrating device that is appropriate for your lawn size. These devices come in different sizes and strengths, so make sure to pick one that will cover the total area of your yard.
  • Step 2: Place the device in the ground at one of the mole’s burrowed holes. Make sure to bury it deep enough so that it won’t tip over or be picked up by animals.
  • Step 3: Turn on the device and allow it to run continuously to create maximum vibration. This will make it harder for the mole to tunnel and forage for food.
  • Step 4: Check the device regularly to ensure that it is still functioning correctly. Replace batteries or repair any damage as needed.
  • Step 5: Rotate the device to different burrowed holes occasionally to create vibrations all around the mole’s tunneling area.

Although vibrating devices can be effective, they may take more time to start showing the results compared to other techniques. It can take up to a few weeks for moles to leave your yard. But, if you remain persistent and keep using the device, it will work effectively to keep your lawn free of moles.

Planting Daffodils and Marigolds

Planting daffodils and marigolds in your garden is not only a visually appealing way to keep moles away, but it is also a natural and organic solution. Moles do not like the smell of these flowers, which makes them an effective deterrent.

One way to use daffodils is to plant them around the perimeter of your garden or in areas where you have noticed mole activity. Additionally, planting marigolds in the same area can further enhance the deterrent effect.

Daffodils and marigolds are easy to plant and maintain. They require well-draining soil and plenty of sunlight. Make sure to plant them in the appropriate season for your climate, typically between late winter and early spring for daffodils and early spring for marigolds.

To get the most out of planting daffodils and marigolds for mole prevention, it is important to plant them in a dense group rather than scattering them throughout the garden. This will create a stronger and more distinct scent barrier that moles will be less likely to attempt to cross.

Planting daffodils and marigolds is a simple and effective way to deter moles from your garden. By incorporating this natural solution into your mole prevention techniques, you can create a beautiful and mole-free space.

Prevention With Dog or Human Hair

One of the easiest and most cost-effective ways to keep moles out of your garden is by using dog or human hair. The strong scent of hair is known to deter moles from entering your garden.

To use this technique, start by collecting hair from your dog’s brush or from a salon after a haircut. Alternatively, save human hair from your own hairbrush or after a haircut. Make sure that the hair is clean and dry before using it for mole prevention.

One way to use hair for mole prevention is to simply place it around the perimeter of your garden or in areas where you have seen mole activity. You can also place it in the mole holes and tunnels to discourage them from returning.

Another way to use hair is to create a hair “bag”. Begin by filling a small mesh bag with hair and place it where you have seen mole activity. As the wind blows, the scent of the hair will be released, creating a barrier to keep the moles out.

It’s important to note that this technique may only work in smaller areas, as the hair’s scent may not be strong enough to cover larger garden spaces. Also, keep in mind that hair will need to be replenished periodically as it loses its scent over time.

In addition to using hair, you can also consider combining this technique with others to increase the effectiveness of your mole prevention efforts. By using several techniques together, you can create a mole-free garden that is both beautiful and productive.

How To Apply DIY Mole Prevention Techniques

As with any DIY project, learning how to apply the techniques of mole prevention can be easier said than done. However, by following a few simple steps, you can effectively use household items to keep moles at bay and maintain a beautiful, mole-free garden. In this section, we will guide you through the process of assessing your yard, identifying mole hills, understanding the habits of moles, and ultimately applying various DIY techniques for mole prevention using everyday household items.

Assessment of Your Yard

Before you start implementing any of the DIY mole prevention techniques, it’s important to assess your yard to determine the severity of the mole invasion. This will help you know which technique to use and how much of the preventive item to apply.

Factors to consider during yard assessment:

Factors Description
Size of yard Determine the size of your yard to know how much of the preventive item to use
Intensity of mole infestation Take note of the number of molehills in the yard, the size of the holes and tunnels created by the moles. This will help you determine the best technique to use for effective prevention
Type of soil Moist and loose soil are ideal for moles to create tunnels and burrow. If your yard has such soil, you are more susceptible to mole infestation than yards with compact soil.
Landscaping Moles prefer yards with lush green and well-watered landscaping. If your yard has these features, you have to implement preventive measures to avoid mole infestations.

Once you have assessed your yard, you are ready to take the next steps in mole prevention. It is important to note that preventing moles from infiltrating your yard requires consistent application of the techniques for a successful result.

Identify Mole Hills

The first step in mole prevention is identifying mole hills. Mole hills are typically small circular piles of soil that are raised above the ground level. These hills are a result of the mole tunneling through the soil and pushing dirt to the surface.

To accurately identify mole hills, it is important to look for small piles of soil that are evenly spaced throughout the yard. These piles are often found near the entrance or exit points of the mole tunnels, which can sometimes be identified by raised areas of grass or disturbed soil.

It is important to note that while mole hills are a common sign of mole activity, they are not the only indication of a mole infestation. Other signs include raised ridges in the lawn, damaged roots, and wilting or dead plants.

Once you have identified the mole hills in your yard, it is time to take action and implement mole prevention techniques using household items.

Understanding the Habits of Moles

To effectively prevent moles from entering your yard, it’s important to understand their habits and behaviors. By doing so, you can tailor your prevention techniques accordingly. Here are some key points to keep in mind:

Fact Explanation
Moles are territorial creatures This means they typically stay within a finite area and don’t stray too far. If you have seen mole hills in your yard before, it’s likely that moles will return over time.
They are solitary animals Moles do not live in groups or colonies, so you’re likely dealing with one individual at a time. This makes it easier to track their movements and deter them from entering your yard.
They eat grubs and insects Moles’ primary source of food is grubs and other insects that live in the soil. By keeping your yard free of these pests, you can discourage moles from coming around.
They create tunnels underground Moles move around by digging tunnels underground, which can damage the roots of your plants and make your lawn uneven. It’s important to address mole activity as soon as possible to minimize this damage.
They are active year-round Moles do not hibernate or migrate, so they can cause damage to your yard at any time of year. It’s essential to have preventative measures in place to keep them at bay.

By understanding these key facts about moles, you can better prepare yourself for mole prevention. With the right techniques and tools at your disposal, you can keep your yard safe and free from unwanted visitors.

How to Use Household Items for Mole Prevention

To effectively use household items for mole prevention, it is important to understand how each technique works and when and where to apply them. Here is a breakdown of each technique and how to use it:

Technique How to Use
Castor Oil Repellent Mix 6 ounces of castor oil with 2 tablespoons of liquid dish soap and 1 gallon of water. Apply mixture to the affected areas with a watering can or sprayer.
Chili and Garlic Spray Combine 1 tablespoon of chili powder, 1 tablespoon of garlic powder, and 1 quart of water. Let the mixture sit for 24 hours, then strain and apply to the affected areas with a watering can or sprayer.
Cayenne Pepper Sprinkle cayenne pepper over and around the affected areas. Reapply after rain or watering.
Coffee Grounds Sprinkle used coffee grounds over and around the affected areas. Reapply after rain or watering.
Mole Proofing With Chicken Wire Dig a trench around the perimeter of the affected area and bury chicken wire in the trench, ensuring the wire is vertical and protruding above ground by a few inches. Fill the trench back in, covering the wire.
Ultrasonic Solar Spikes Place the spikes in the affected areas, ensuring they are exposed to sunlight for proper charging. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for optimal placement and usage.
Using Vibrating Devices Place the vibrating devices in the affected areas, ensuring they are exposed to sunlight for proper charging. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for optimal placement and usage.
Planting Daffodils and Marigolds Plant daffodils and marigolds around the perimeter of the affected area or in the areas where moles are present.
Prevention With Dog or Human Hair Place clumps of dog or human hair in the affected areas or bury them in a trench around the perimeter. Reapply every few weeks.

By following the instructions for each technique and applying them in the correct locations, you can effectively prevent moles from causing damage to your yard or garden. It is important to note that not all techniques may work for every situation, so it may be necessary to try multiple techniques or a combination of them. Additionally, it is important to regularly assess your yard and monitor for any signs of mole activity to quickly address any issues that may arise.

Duration & Results

After applying the DIY mole prevention techniques using household items, it is important to note that the duration and results may vary depending on the technique used and the severity of the mole infestation.

Castor Oil Repellent: This technique may take up to four to six weeks before getting the desired results. It is important to reapply the castor oil mixture after every rainfall or irrigation.

Chili and Garlic Spray: Results may be visible after a few days of application. However, it is essential to reapply the spray every two weeks to ensure that the moles are repelled continuously.

Cayenne Pepper: The effect of the cayenne pepper may last for up to three weeks. Reapplication is crucial to ensure that the moles are continually repelled.

Coffee Grounds: Results may take up to a month, and the coffee grounds will need to be reapplied whenever they have been washed away by rain or irrigation.

Mole Proofing with Chicken Wire: This technique is long-lasting and may provide results for several years if installed correctly.

Ultrasonic Solar Spikes: The ultrasonic solar spikes may start providing results within a week of application, but it can take up to two to three weeks to repel all the moles in the yard.

Using Vibrating Devices: The vibrating devices can take up to four to six weeks before complete mole repulsion is achieved.

Planting Daffodils and Marigolds: This technique is a long-term solution, and it may take several years to see the desired results. Consistent planting is necessary to keep the moles at bay.

Prevention with Dog or Human Hair: The dog or human hair technique may need to be reapplied every few weeks to ensure that the moles are continually repelled.

It is crucial to understand that the above household items may not work for all mole infestations. Some moles may be resistant to certain items or may require a combination of techniques to be repelled. Additionally, proper yard maintenance, such as keeping the yard free of debris, may also aid in preventing mole infestation.

Conclusion

As we wrap up our discussion on DIY mole prevention techniques using household items, it’s clear that there are various methods to keep moles out of your garden without relying on harmful chemicals. By harnessing the power of natural ingredients and common household items, homeowners can take proactive steps to prevent mole infestation and protect their plants. Let’s take a closer look at some key takeaway points to help you maintain a mole-free garden.

Summary of Techniques

After trying out different DIY mole prevention techniques, here is a summary of what you can use to keep your garden free from mole infestations.

Technique Method Duration and Results
Castor Oil Repellent Mix castor oil with water and spray on the lawn. Reapply after rainfall, and visible results may take a few weeks. Can last for a few months.
Chili and Garlic Spray Combine chili and garlic with water and spray on the surface of your lawn. Reapply the spray after every two weeks and visible results may take a few weeks.
Cayenne Pepper Sprinkle the cayenne pepper around the molehill and also around the perimeter of the lawn. Reapply after every two weeks, and visible results may take a few weeks.
Coffee Grounds Spread coffee grounds over mole-vulnerable areas. Reapplication is necessary after rainfall, and visible results may take a few weeks.
Mole Proofing with Chicken Wire Line the mole-vulnerable areas with chicken wire. Results are seen immediately, but it comes with the cost of aesthetics.
Ultrasonic Solar Spikes Plant the vibrator in mole-vulnerable areas, and it will generate ultrasonic waves to repel moles. Results are seen immediately, and the device can last up to two months.
Using Vibrating Devices Place the device in your lawn, and the vibrations are transmitted through the soil to repel moles. Results are seen immediately, and the device can last up to two months.
Planting Daffodils and Marigolds Plant daffodils or marigolds in your garden to repel moles. Results may take a few weeks to see, and it may only work in some areas.
Prevention with Dog or Human Hair Spread dog or human hair on the lawn boundaries or affected area. Reapplication is necessary after heavy rainfall, and visible results may take several weeks or months.

Using a combination of these techniques can be even more effective in preventing moles from entering your garden, and also ensure that your garden remains safe from the damages caused by moles. Remember to maintain your garden regularly to keep the moles at bay.

Maintaining a Mole-Free Garden

Once you have successfully implemented the DIY mole prevention techniques, it is important to maintain a mole-free garden. This can be achieved by adopting certain practices and keeping a lookout for any new mole activity. Here are some key factors to bear in mind when maintaining a mole-free garden:

Factors Description
Regular Inspection Regularly inspect the garden for any signs of new mole activity or damage caused by moles. This will allow you to spot any potential problems and implement preventive measures in advance.
Good Drainage Ensure that the garden has good drainage to avoid creating damp conditions that may attract moles. Avoid over-watering as well, as this can make the soil too moist for moles to burrow through.
Proper Soil Maintenance Moist soil is easy to dig through, which can create an ideal environment for moles. Maintain proper soil fertility by keeping the soil loose, fertilizing it regularly, and avoiding compacting it.
Regular Mowing Keeping the grass short makes the garden less attractive to moles, and makes it easier to spot any signs of mole activity. Mow the lawn regularly and dispose of the clippings properly.
Avoid Using Chemicals Avoid using chemicals to get rid of moles as they can harm the environment and other wildlife. Instead, opt for natural prevention techniques that are safe and eco-friendly.

By following these tips , you can effectively maintain a mole-free garden and prevent future mole infestation. Remember that prevention is key, so continue implementing the DIY mole prevention techniques and keep a close eye on your garden.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can moles be harmful to my garden?

Yes, moles can damage plants and lawns by burrowing and uprooting the soil.

Are there any health risks associated with moles in my yard?

No, moles are not known to carry diseases that can harm humans.

Do ultrasonic solar spikes harm moles?

No, but they emit high-frequency vibrations that can irritate moles and make them want to leave the area.

Will castor oil repellent harm my pets?

No, castor oil is safe for pets and humans, but it may cause diarrhea if ingested in large amounts.

Do I need to use all of the DIY techniques for mole prevention?

No, you can choose one or a combination of techniques that work best for your yard.

How long will it take to see results from the DIY prevention techniques?

Results may vary, but it is recommended to apply the techniques consistently for at least two weeks.

Can I use coffee grounds from decaf coffee for mole prevention?

Yes, decaf coffee grounds will work just as well as regular coffee grounds for mole prevention.

Will planting daffodils and marigolds attract other pests to my garden?

No, daffodils and marigolds are not known to attract pests and can actually repel some pests.

How often should I assess my yard for mole activity?

It is recommended to assess your yard for mole activity every two to three weeks.

Is it necessary to use chemical products for mole prevention?

No, there are many effective DIY techniques using household items that can prevent moles without the use of harmful chemicals.

References